Session 1B on Day 2 (November 7, 2025) of the International Conference on Agrarian Change was chaired by T. N. Prakash Kammardi (Professor and Head, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore). Speakers were K. K. Narayanan (Managing Director, Metahelix Life Sciences), Niveta Jain (Principal Scientist, IARI), Sreeja Jaiswal (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC)), and Sandipan Baksi (Director, Foundation for Agrarian Studies). The session emphasised sustainable and climate-resilient agriculture, equitable and well-regulated technology, mitigation of agricultural emissions, global climate pathways, and evidence-based evaluation of alternative agriculture, with discussions on technology, emissions, mitigation pathways, and critiques of organic, regenerative, and agroecological approaches.